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| Title: | Fire Management on Public Land - Victoria Burns While Its Bureaucracy Fiddles | | Topic: | Fire | | Year: | 2015 | | Author/s: | Dexter, B.D; A. Hodgson AM | | Abstract: | Will Recent Legislative Changes to Crisis and Emergency Management Improve Fire Management on Victoria's Public Lands?
This report is the third in a series which analyses the prevention, suppression and planned use of fire on the one-third of Victoria that is public land. It identifies on-going failure, since the mid-1980s, in government policy and strategic direction to cope with the State’s major natural hazard – bushfire3.
Victorians benefited from the reforms enacted as a result of Judge Leonard Stretton’s inquiry into the 1939 Black Friday bushfires, and from emergency management reform (1986) following the 1983 Ash Wednesday bushfires. However, five years on, they have yet to benefit from many of the key recommendations of the 2009 Victorian Bushfires Royal Commission.
This report identifies lessons now unheeded from previous reforms, and problems which successive Ministers and their Departmental Heads have either not addressed or worse, have resisted. Successive governments have also failed to maintain forest fire management as a primary core business of the State. In the meanwhile, over the past three decades costs associated with public land fire suppression have increased more than sevenfold while the effectiveness and efficiency of fire management has progressively declined.
A combination of the misuse of science by ideologically-driven interest groups, and bureaucratic acquiescence/indifference, has seen successive governments become disengaged from the practice of landscape-scale fuel management. This development appears to have been aided by the 2009 Bushfire Royal Commission’s Implementation Monitor, and by the current Emergency Management Commissioner. As a consequence of the failure to adequately manage fuels, both the community and the environment have paid a heavy penalty with the increases in destructive bushfires, particularly since 2000.
The report examines, in the context of forest fire management on public land, the recent creation of what is argued is a large new government ‘silo’ - Emergency Management Victoria – that now has ‘oversight’ [control] of crisis and emergency management, including bushfire, under an ‘all agencies / all hazards’ model.
The appropriateness of the increasingly mandated ‘top-down’ command and control system which now exists under the ‘generalship’ of the Emergency Management Commissioner is evaluated in the context of the concurrent existence of a State Crisis and Resilience Council and its three standing sub-committees: risk and resilience; capability and response; and relief and recovery.
The report exposes:
The new and significantly more costly, while less effective way of managing bushfire in Victoria;
A failure to implement the 2009 Bushfire Royal Commission’s recommendation on fuel management;
A failure to ensure an adequate state of preparedness commensurate with the known risk; and
An increasing failure to aggressively attack and quickly bring bushfires under control.
The report argues that successive Executives of the agency responsible for the prevention, suppression and planned use of fire on public land have failed to maintain an effective and efficient organisation. As such, the agency appears to be incapable of re-organising itself.
The report recommends the creation of a Forests and Lands Conservancy with a dedicated mission to conserve the sustainability of soils, catchments, flora and fauna and uses and values of the forest environment for present and future generations. A core task of such a Conservancy is to protect the public land estate from Victoria’s major natural hazard – bushfire. The planned use of fire in the landscape is a major component of that task.
Finally, the report recommends the appointment of an external, independent panel to advise the government on appropriate structural arrangements and resourcing for the Forests and Land Conservancy to manage fire on Victoria’s public land and related matters under the provisions of the Forests Act 1958.
The report poses a significant political challenge for the Andrews’ Government, while offering a reward whereby all Victorians would again have a nationally and internationally recognised agency [Forests and Lands Conservancy] dedicated to forest, woodland and public land management more generally, and to environmental conservation. An agency that would again take seriously the development and implementation of strategies and programs for the prevention, suppression and planned use of fire in the landscape. | | Type: | Submission |
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娛樂城
體驗金使用技巧：讓你的遊戲體驗更上一層樓
I. 娛樂城體驗金的價值與挑戰
娛樂城體驗金是一種特殊的獎勵，專為玩家設計，旨在讓玩家有機會免費體驗遊戲，同時還有可能獲得真實的贏利。然而，如何充分利用這些體驗金，並將其轉化為真正的遊戲優勢，則需要一定的策略和技巧。
II. 闡釋娛樂城體驗金的使用技巧
A. 如何充分利用娛樂城的體驗金
要充分利用娛樂城的體驗金，首先需要明確其使用規則和限制。通常，體驗金可能僅限於特定的遊戲或者活動，或者在取款前需要達到一定的賭注要求。了解這些細節將有助於您做出明智的決策。
B. 選擇合適遊戲以最大化體驗金的價值
不是所有的遊戲都適合使用娛樂城體驗金。理想的選擇應該是具有高回報率的遊戲，或者是您已經非常熟悉的遊戲。這將最大程度地降低風險，並提高您獲得盈利的可能性。
III. 深入探討常見遊戲的策略與技巧
A. 介紹幾種熱門遊戲的玩法和策略
對於不同的遊戲，有不同的策略和技巧。例如，在德州撲克中，一個有效的策略可能是緊密而侵略性的玩法，而在老虎機中，理解機器的支付表和特性可能是獲勝的關鍵。
B. 提供在遊戲中使用體驗金的實用技巧和注意事項
體驗金是一種寶貴的資源，使用時必須謹慎。一個基本的原則是，不要將所有的娛樂城體驗金都投入一場遊戲。相反，您應該嘗試將其分散到多種遊戲中，以擴大獲勝的機會。
IV.分析和比較娛樂城的體驗金活動
A. 對幾家知名娛樂城的體驗金活動進行比較和分析
市場上的娛樂城數不勝數，他們的體驗金活動也各不相同。花點時間去比較不同娛樂城的活動，可能會讓你找到更適合自己的選擇。例如，有些娛樂城可能會提供較大金額的體驗金，但需達到更高的賭注要求；另一些則可能提供較小金額的娛樂城體驗金，但要求較低。
B. 分享如何找到最合適的體驗金活動
找到最合適的體驗金活動，需要考慮你自身的遊戲偏好和風險承受能力。如果你更喜歡嘗試多種遊戲，那麼選擇範圍廣泛的活動可能更適合你。如果你更注重獲得盈利，則應優先考慮提供高額體驗金的活動。
V. 結語：明智使用娛樂城體驗金，享受遊戲樂趣
娛樂城的體驗金無疑是一種讓你在娛樂中獲益的好機會。然而，利用好這種機會，並非一蹴而就。需要透過理解活動規則、選擇適合的遊戲、運用正確的策略，並做出明智的決策。我們鼓勵所有玩家都能明智地使用娛樂城體驗金，充分享受遊戲的樂趣，並從中得到價值。
娛樂城